By using www.realzae.com or REALZ the mobile application (collectively, the “Website”), you confirm that you have read, understood, and accept these terms of use (the “Terms”) as the terms which govern your access to and use of the Website and the Service and you agree to comply with them. If you do not accept or agree to comply with these Terms, you must not use this Website. Additionally, when using a portion of the Service, you agree to conform to any applicable posted guidelines for such Service, which may change or be updated from time to time at our sole discretion.

These Terms are made between REALZ (“we” “us” “our”, the “Company”, as applicable) and you (“you” or the “User”).

If you are a company advertising on our website, you will be required to enter additional terms and conditions set out in our Advertising Agreement, however, please note that these Terms will still apply and must be read in conjunction with any other agreement you enter with the Company.

1. DEFINITIONS:

1.1 The following capitalized terms shall have the following meaning, except where the context otherwise requires:

1.2 “Listing Agreement” – an agreement for the provision of listing services or products entered between the Company and the Client.

1.3 “Paid Plan Service” – the bundle of services which the Company agrees to provide to the Customer.

1.4 “REALZ” – REALZ for information Technology network services which is the owner of www.realzae.com & REALZ application listed in Apple Store & Google Play.

1.5 “Client” – the client entity that is party to the Listing Agreement.

1.6 “Customer” – any customer of the Client.

1.7 “Effective Date” – the date set out at the top of these Terms.

1.8 “Intellectual Property Rights” – all intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, rights in goodwill, database rights and rights in data, rights in designs, copyrights and topography rights (whether or not any of these rights are registered, and including applications and the right to apply for registration of any such rights) and all inventions, rights in know-how, trade secrets and confidential information, customer and supplier lists and other proprietary knowledge and information and all rights under licenses and consents in relation to any such rights and all rights and forms of protection of a similar nature or having equivalent or similar effect to any of these which may subsist anywhere in the world for their full term, including any renewals and extensions.

1.9 “Material” – material and content published on the Website or otherwise provided by the Company in connection with the Service.

1.10 “Privacy Policy” – the privacy policy of the Company from time to time.

1.11 “Product” – an online classifieds listing platform provided on the Website.

1.12 Registration Details” – the details a User must provide upon registering for the Website from time to time (for example: name, phone numbers, email address, age and/or address).

1.13 “Service” – the provision of the Website and the Product.

 1.14 “Unacceptable” – any material or information uploaded to or made available on the Website which under the law of any jurisdiction from which the Website may be accessed may be considered:

1.14.1 Illegal, illicit, indecent, obscene, racist, offensive, pornographic, pedophilic, insulting, false, unreliable, misleading, harmful, or potentially harmful to minors, threatening, libelous, alleged to be or defamatory or in infringement of third-party rights (of whatever nature and including, without limitation, any Intellectual Property Rights), invasive of another’s privacy or other rights, to relate to or encourage money laundering or illegal gambling.

1.14.2 In breach of any applicable regulations, standards, or codes of practice (notwithstanding that compliance may not be compulsory).

1.14.3 In contravention of legislation, including without limitation, that relating to weapons, animals, or alcohol.

1.14.4 Harmful to the Company’s reputation.

1.14.5 “User Material” – material and content posted on the Website by a User or otherwise provided to REALZ for information Technology network services by a User in connection with the Website or the Service.

2. GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS WHICH APPLY TO USERS:

2.1 In registering for this Website, the User must provide true, accurate, current, and complete Registration Details which the User must update after any changes (except age) before using the Website for further services in the future.

2.2 The User hereby agrees and acknowledges that the Website may contain adverts placed by advertisers or companies during business for goods or services (and which the Company takes no responsibility for). Advertisers or companies using the Website or the Service to place adverts offering goods or services of a business, commercial or trade nature must include their full names in the advert and make it clear that they are selling goods or services in the course of business either by the content, format, size or place of the advertisement or by including words such as “trade”, “dealer”, “agent”, “wholesale” or similar in the name of the advert they submit for publication.

2.3 The User hereby warrants and represents to the Company that it is at least eighteen years of age and legally able to enter contracts.

2.4 The Company reserves the discretion to withdraw any Material or User Material from the Website without prior notice and to refuse any User Material posted or provided to the Company by a User.

2.5 The User’s Registration Details and data relating to its use of the Website and any Interactive Features will be recorded by the Company but this information shall not be disclosed to third parties (otherwise than on an aggregated, anonymous basis, or in accordance with the Privacy Policy or in accordance with Clause 2.6 below) nor used for any purpose unrelated to the Website or the relevant Interactive Features. By agreeing to the terms, you expressly give us permission to verify the authenticity of your details by calling you on the phone number submitted to us. The call may be recorded for quality assurance.

2.6 The User hereby authorizes the Company to use any information which it submits to the Website to inform the User of special offers, occasional third party offers and for other marketing and related purposes. Without prejudice to Clause 2.5 above, the Company will not use User data for any other purposes than as set out in these Terms except that the Company may disclose this data if compelled to do so by law, or at the request of a law enforcement agency or governmental authority.

2.7 If the User does not wish the Company to use its information as set out in Clause 2.6 above, it should leave the Website before submitting its personal details.

2.8 If the User does not want the Company to use its email address or SMS/mobile number to send information concerning the Website and related matters, the User should send an email message to helpdesk@realzae.com  and insert unsubscribe as the subject heading of such message.

2.9 You must keep confidential any user identification and password details set up or given to you as part of our security procedures and must not disclose them to any third party.

2.10 The Company reserves the right to suspend or terminate a user’s account where, in its absolute discretion, it deems the User has breached these terms or deems such suspension or termination is otherwise appropriate. In the event of such suspension or termination, the Company will notify the User by email and the User must not seek to re-register on any Website either directly or indirectly through a related entity. The Company’s rights under this Clause 2.10 shall not prejudice any other right or remedy the Company may have in respect of any breach, or any rights, obligations or liabilities accrued prior to such suspension or termination.

2.11 For the avoidance of doubt, the Company is providing a service not goods.

2.12 The Company takes reported and actual infringement of Intellectual Property Rights and fraud extremely seriously and whilst Users cannot hold the Company liable in relation to such issues, the Company requests all Users to report such matters immediately to the Company, and the Company inform the appropriate authorities.

2.13 If you are an owner of Intellectual Property Rights or an agent who is fully authorized to act on behalf of the owner of Intellectual Property Rights and believe that any Material or other content infringes upon your Intellectual Property Right or the Intellectual Property Rights of the owner on whose behalf you are authorized to act, you may submit a notification to the Company together with a request to the Company to delete the relevant Material in good faith. The notification and the request must contain the following information:

2.13.1 A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.

2.13.2 Identification of the Intellectual Property Rights claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple Intellectual Property Rights can be covered by a single notification, a representative list of such works.

2.13.3 Identification of the Material (by means of data or communication link, etc.) that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled and information reasonably sufficient to permit the Company to locate the Material.

2.13.4 Information reasonably sufficient to permit the Company to contact you, such as an address, telephone number, and an electronic mail address.

2.13.5 A signed statement that you have a good faith belief that use of the Material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the Intellectual Property Rights owner, its agent, or the law.

2.13.6 A signed statement that the Intellectual Property Rights owner holds the Company harmless from any claim of any third party in connection with the Company removing the relevant content.

2.13.7 A signed statement that the information in the notification is accurate and under penalty of perjury that you are authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.

All notifications under Clauses 2.13 and 2.14 must be sent to helpdesk@realzae.com.

2.14 Users will be invited to send comments to the Company email relating to the integrity and performance of other Users.

2.15 The following restrictions shall apply to all Users. You must:

2.15.1 Not use the Website or the Service in any unlawful manner, for any unlawful purpose, or in any manner inconsistent with these Terms, or act fraudulently or maliciously, for example, by hacking into or inserting malicious code, viruses, Trojan horses, worms, time-bombs, keystroke loggers, spyware, adware or any other harmful data, programs or similar computer code designed to adversely affect the operation of any computer hardware or software, into the Website or any Service or any operating system.

2.15.2 Not transmit any material designed to interrupt, damage, destroy or limit the functionality of the Website or the Service.

2.15.3 Use any form of automated device or computer program (sometimes referred to as “flagging tools”) that enables the use of the Company’s “flagging system” or other community control systems without each flag being manually entered by a human that initiates the flag (an “automated flagging device”), or use any such flagging tool to remove posts of competitors, other third parties or to remove posts without a reasonable good faith belief that the post being flagged violates these terms or any applicable law or regulation.

2.15.4 Not use any automated software to view the Service without our consent (including use of spiders, robots, crawlers, data mining tools, or the like to download or scrape data from the Service, except for internet search engines (e.g., Google) and non-commercial public archives (e.g. archive.org) that comply with our robots.txt file) and only access the Service manually.

2.15.5 Not use the Service other than for your own personal use or as an agent listing property for sale and to rent.

2.15.6 Not attempt to copy any Material or reverse engineer any processes without the Company’s consent.

2.15.7 Not use any Service in any manner that is illegal, immoral, or harmful to REALZ for information Technology network services.

2.15.8 Not use any Service in breach of any policy or other notice on the Website.

2.15.9 Not remove or alter any copyright notices that appear on the Website.

2.15.10 Not publish any User Material which is or may be Unacceptable or that may encourage a breach of any relevant laws or regulations.

2.15.11 Does not interfere with any other User’s enjoyment of the Website or the Service.

2.15.12 Not conduct yourself in an offensive or abusive manner whilst using the Website or the Service.

2.15.13 Not contact anyone who has asked not to be contacted or make unsolicited contact with anyone for any commercial purpose, specifically, contact any User to post advertisement on a third-party website or post any advertisement on behalf of such User.

2.15.14 “Stalk” or otherwise harass anyone.

2.15.15 Not collect personal data about other Users or entities for commercial or unlawful purposes.

2.15.16 Not access without authority, interfere with, damage, or disrupt:

a. Any part of the Website.

b. Any equipment or network on which the Website is stored.

c. Any software used in the provision of the Website.

d. Any equipment or network or software owned or used by any third party.

2.16 By submitting User Material on the Website or otherwise, the User grants REALZ for information Technology network services a royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable and non-exclusive right, and license to use, reproduce, distribute, display, modify and edit the User Material. REALZ for information Technology network services will not pay the User any fees whatsoever for the User Material and reserves the right in its sole discretion to remove or edit the User Material at any time. The User warrants and represents that it has all rights, consents and/or authorizations in respect of the User Material necessary to grant REALZ for information Technology network services these rights.

The Company permits the User to post User Material on the Website in accordance with the Company’s procedures if User Material is not illegal, misleading, obscene, abusive, threatening, defamatory or otherwise objectionable to the Company. You must not post any Unacceptable material and, in respect of any User Material you post, you warrant that it is not Unacceptable.

3. ITERACTIVE FEATURES:

The Company may from time to time provide Interactive Features on the Website.

The Company reserves the right to suspend or withdraw a User’s access to any Interactive Features and any other action the Company deems appropriate if the Company considers that a breach of these Terms has occurred, or any Interactive Features are being misused or abused in any way.

The Company is under no obligation to oversee, monitor or moderate any Interactive Features and the Company expressly excludes its liability for any loss or damage arising from the use of any Interactive Features by a User.

4. PAID POSTINGS:

The Company may charge a fee to post Material in some specific areas of the Service (“Paid Material”). The fee permits Paid Material to be posted in a designated area of the Website. Each party posting Paid Material to the Service is responsible for the Material and compliance with these terms. Any such fees paid hereunder are non-refundable in the event any Material is removed from the Service for violating these terms. Additional terms regarding Paid Material will be fully stated in the applicable section(s).

5. POSTING AGENTS:

The Company prohibits the use of Posting Agents, directly or indirectly, without the express written permission of the Company. In addition, Posting Agents are not permitted to post Material on behalf of others, directly or indirectly, or otherwise access the Service to post Material on behalf of others, except with express written permission or license from the Company.

6. NO SPAM POLICY:

6.1 You understand and agree that sending unsolicited email advertisements or other unsolicited communications to the Company addresses or through the Company computer systems are expressly prohibited by these Terms. You acknowledge and agree that from time to time the Company may monitor email usage using human monitors or automated software to flag certain words associated with spam or scams in emails that are sent between one User to another in the Company’s e-mail system. Any communication between yourself and any other User utilizing the communication features available on the Service and the Website may be used only in accordance with these Terms.

6.2 Any unauthorized use of the Company computer systems is a violation of these Terms and certain applicable laws, particularly the UAE Cybercrimes legislation. Such violations may subject the sender and his or her agents to civil and criminal penalties. Please note that the UAE Cybercrimes legislation carries significant penalties including imprisonment. In case you intend to solicit or contact our Users by obtaining their email or phone numbers from our Website, we may report this behavior to the relevant authorities, who then may decide to prosecute you under the relevant UAE laws.

7. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY:

7.1 The Company shall not be liable for any:

7.1.1 Consequential, indirect, special losses or exemplary damages (even if the Company has been advised of the possibility of such losses or damage).

7.1.2 Loss of profit.

7.1.3 Loss of business.

7.1.4 Loss of revenue.

7.1.5 Loss of or corruption of data.

7.1.6 Loss of use.

7.1.7 Loss of production.

7.1.8 Loss of contract.

7.1.9 Loss of opportunity.

7.1.10 Loss of savings, discount, or rebate (whether actual or anticipated).

7.1.11 Harm reputation or loss of goodwill.

7.1.12 Loss of anticipated savings. (in the cases of Clauses 7.1.2 to 7.1.12 (inclusive), whether direct or indirect), howsoever arising suffered by any User arising in any way in connection with these Terms or for any liability of a User to any third party.

7.2 He limitations at Clause 7.1 shall also apply with respect to damages incurred by reason of other services or products received through or advertised in connection with the Website or the Service or any links on the Website, as well as by reason of any information, opinions or advice received through or advertised in connection with the Website or the Service or any links to the Website or Service.

7.3 The limitations in Clause 7 shall apply to the fullest extent permitted by law. You specifically acknowledge and agree that the Company shall not be liable for user submissions or the defamatory, offensive, or illegal conduct of any user or third party and that the risk of harm or damage from the foregoing rests entirely with you.

7.4 Whilst the Company will take all reasonable attempts to exclude viruses from the Website, it cannot ensure such exclusion and no liability is accepted for viruses. The User is recommended to take all appropriate safeguards before accessing or downloading information or any Material from the Website.

7.5 The Website includes information and materials uploaded by other users of the Website. This information and these materials have not been verified or approved by the Company and the Company shall not be liable for any material which may be deemed Unacceptable. You further may be exposed to Material that is inaccurate, offensive, indecent, objectionable, defamatory, or libelous and, as far as the law allows, and subject to Clause 7.11, you agree to waive, and hereby do waive, any legal or equitable rights or remedies you have or may have against the Company with respect thereto.

7.6 The Company does not guarantee that the Website or any Interactive Features will always be accessible, uninterrupted, timely, secure, error free or free from computer virus or other invasive or damaging code or that the Website or any Interactive Features will not be affected by force majeure events, including inability to obtain or shortage of necessary materials, equipment facilities, power or telecommunications, lack of telecommunications equipment or facilities and failure of information technology or telecommunications equipment or facilities. The Company may suspend or withdraw or restrict the availability of all or any part of the 7.7 Website or any Interactive Features for business and operational reasons at any time and shall not be liable for any interruption to the Service, whether intentional or otherwise. We recommend that you back up any content and data used in connection with the Website, to protect yourself in case of problems with the Website or the Service.

7.7 The Company is not liable for any failure in respect of its obligations hereunder which result directly or indirectly from failure or interruption in software or services provided by third parties.

7.8 The Company is not responsible for the direct or indirect consequences of a User linking to any other website from the Website and has not approved such linked websites or the material or information available from them.

7.9 The Company does not guarantee, represent, or warrant that the information accessible via the Website is accurate, complete, or current. The Company has no liability whatsoever in respect of any use which the User makes of such information. The Website, the Service, and use of all related facilities are provided on an “as is, as available” basis without any warranties whether express or implied.

7.10 The Website and the Service have not been developed (and Material has not been written) to meet the individual requirements of the User and it is the User’s sole responsibility to satisfy itself prior to entering any transaction or decision that the Website, the Service, and the Material are suitable for its purposes. A User in making any financial or other decision based on Material or other information on the Website accepts that it does so exclusively at its own risk and the Company shall have no liability in respect of the same.

7.11 None of the Clauses herein shall apply to restrict liability for death or personal injury resulting from the negligence of the Company or its appointed agents.

7.12 The Website is controlled and offered by the Company from facilities in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. The Company makes no representations or warranties that the Website is appropriate for use in other locations. Those who access or use the Website from other jurisdictions do so at their own volition and risk and are responsible for compliance with local law.

8. INDEMNITY:

8.1 The User agrees to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the Company, .

The User agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Company, REALZ for information Technology network services and each of their officers, subsidiaries, affiliates, successors, assigns, directors, officers, agents, service providers, suppliers and employees, from and against any and all claims, damages, obligations, losses (whether direct, indirect or consequential), liabilities, costs or debt, and expenses (including but not limited to attorneys’ fees) arising from (a) your improper use of, or your inability to use, the Website or the Service; (b) your breach of any provision of these Terms; and/or (c) your violation of any third party right, including without limitation any copyright, trademark, trade secret or other property, or privacy right. As far as the law allows, this defense and indemnification obligation will survive termination, modification or expiration of these Terms and your use of the Website and the Service. and each of their officers, subsidiaries, affiliates, successors, assigns, directors, officers, agents, service providers, suppliers and employees, from and against any and all claims, damages, obligations, losses (whether direct, indirect or consequential), liabilities, costs or debt, and expenses (including but not limited to attorneys’ fees) arising from (a) your improper use of, or your inability to use, the Website or the Service; (b) your breach of any provision of these Terms; and/or (c) your violation of any third party right, including without limitation any copyright, trademark, trade secret or other property, or privacy right. As far as the law allows, this defense and indemnification obligation will survive termination, modification or expiration of these Terms and your use of the Website and the Service.

9. ROPERTY FOR SALE AND PROPERTY FOR RENT CATEGORIES ON THE WEBSITE:

9.1 If you are listing a property on this Website, your obligations are as follows:

Brokers:

9.1.1 You warrant that you possess a valid license from the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA), or its equivalent in the Emirate in which you are advertising.

9.1.2 If a project is off plan (under construction), you warrant that the project is registered with RERA.

9.1.3 If you are engaging in subleasing activities, you warrant that you possess a license for the activity of “Leasing and Management of Other People’s Property” from both Dubai Department of Economic Development (DED and RERA).

9.1.4 If you are engaging in short-term or Holiday Home leasing, you warrant that you possess a license for the activity from Dubai Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM).

9.1.5 As per the RERA regulations, you must obtain approval for every sale or leasing advertisement (located within or outside of Dubai) and display the RERA Permit Number, Office Registration Number and Broker Registration Number on all advertisements.

9.1.6 As per the RERA regulations, you must obtain approval for every sale or leasing advertisement (located within or outside of Dubai) and display the RERA Permit Number, Office Registration Number and Broker Registration Number on all advertisements.

9.1.7 You warrant that you agree to work with the other brokers registered in the REALZ Website & Phone Application by sharing your listing information, photos & all other details.

Developers:

9.1.8 You warrant that you possess a valid license from RERA, or its equivalent in the Emirate in which you are advertising.

9.1.9 If a project is off plan (under construction), you warrant that it is registered with RERA and hold a RERA-approved Escrow Account for the project.

9.1.10 As per RERA regulations, you must obtain approval for every property advertisement (located within or outside of Dubai) and display the RERA Permit Number on all advertisements.

9.1.11 You warrant that you are the Owner/Landlord of the property, or otherwise possess valid authorization to list the property on the Website.

9.1.12 If you are engaging in short-term or Holiday Home Leasing, you warrant that you possess a license for the activity from Dubai Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM).

All Advertisers:

9.1.13 You may only advertise properties that are currently available for sale or lease. It is at our discretion to remove any listings (advertising fees will not be refunded).

9.1.14 You warrant that the advertisement does not contain unlawful language or use of the premises, including:

a. Defamatory, misleading, or deceptive statements.

b. Sharing of a property that exceeds lawful occupancy limits (including, but not limited to, bachelor accommodation and multi-family use).

c. Sharing of a property between unrelated members of the opposite sex.

d. Sharing of a property in any way that is deemed unlawful.

e. Any other language that promotes illegal or immoral activities under the law of the UAE.

9.1.15 If you are listing a property on any of the Website, your obligations are as follows:

a. The Company’s advertisements include real properties for sale or rent. The Company is not a real estate brokerage and the details of the properties available on the Website are provided to us by third party brokers, landlords, owners, or developers.

b. The Company does not verify the property listing details provided to us by third parties and makes no warranties or representations as to their accuracy or completeness.

c. You, the User of the Website, must conduct your own due diligence and must not rely on the details in the advertisements; and

d. The Company does verify the RERA license number of all property broker companies prior to allowing them to advertise on the Website.

10. AD SERVICES PACKAGE:

10.1 If you are a Client, Customer or any of their officers, directors, employees, agents, contractors, sub-contractors or representatives, the following additional terms also apply to you.

10.2 The Company may publish on the Website any information supplied or made available to the Company by or on behalf of the Client. The Client acknowledges and agrees that the Company shall not be regarded as being in breach of any obligation of confidentiality because of the publication of such information.

10.3 The Company may make operational changes to the Ad Services Package and individual products thereunder at any time. The Company will use reasonable endeavors to provide notification of material changes by posting a message on the Website or by informing the Client.

11. GENERAL:

11.1 Subject to Clause 6.2, these Terms, the Privacy Policy, and any other expressly incorporated document constitute the entire agreement between you and the Company and neither party has relied on any representation made by the other party unless such representation is expressly included in these Terms. Nothing in this Clause 11.1 shall relieve either party of liability for fraudulent misrepresentations and neither party shall be entitled to any remedy for either any negligent or innocent misrepresentation except to the extent (if any) that a court or arbitrator may allow reliance on the same as being fair and reasonable.

11.2 The Company reserves the right to alter its terms of business from time to time. The Effective Date at the time the User is reading these terms is set out at the top of these Terms. Prior to using the Website again in the future, Users should check that the Effective Date has not changed. If it has, the User should examine the new set of terms and conditions and only use the Website if it accepts the new terms and conditions. If you do not accept the changes, you should immediately discontinue your access to the Website and your use of the Service.

11.3 If any provision of these Terms or part thereof shall be void for whatever reason, it shall be deemed deleted, and the remaining provisions shall continue in full force and effect.

11.4 The Company reserves the right to assign or subcontract any or all its rights and obligations under these Terms. The User may not assign or otherwise transfer its rights or obligations under these Terms without the Company’s prior written consent.

11.5 Any notice given pursuant to these Terms may be served personally or by email to the last known email address of the addressee. It is the responsibility of Users promptly to update the Company of any change of address or email address. Such notice shall be deemed to have been duly served upon and received by the addressee, when served personally, at the time of such service or when sent by email 24 hours after the email has been sent.

11.6 The Company shall not be liable for any loss suffered by the other party or be deemed to be in default for any delays or failures in performance hereunder resulting from acts or causes beyond its reasonable control or from any acts of God, acts, or regulations of any governmental or supra-national authority.

11.7 Any delay or forbearance by the Company in enforcing any provisions of these Terms or any of its rights hereunder shall not be construed as a waiver of such provision or right thereafter to enforce the same.

11.8 The headings in these Terms are solely used for convenience and shall not have any legal or contractual significance.

11.9 These Terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of the Dubai International Financial Centre (“DIFC”), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and the parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts, save that the Company may act in any relevant jurisdiction to enforce its Intellectual Property Rights. You agree that any cause of action brought by you arising out of or related to your use of the Service and/or the Website must commence within a reasonable time and in any event within one (1) year after the cause of action accrues.

11.10 These Terms shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon each party’s successors.

11.11 If these Terms are translated into any other language and there is a discrepancy between the English text and the text of the other language, the English text version will prevail.

11.12 All website & Mobile Application design, text, graphics, the selection, and arrangement thereof are Copyright ©2024, REALZ. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.